Forests and Climate ChangeClimate change during our lifetimes can affect New Yorkers more than some other parts of the world. A USDA Forest Service report (RMAP NRS9) predicts that within the next several decades the Northeastern United States will have a greater upward change in the yearly minimum temperatures than the rest of the country. This same report predicts the increase in summer heat will be most profound in the Northeast and Midwestern United States and that 50% of northeastern lands will see significant increases in drought. New York’s forests and woodlands can make significant contributions to reducing the effects of impending climate shifts. Simultaneously, these wooded areas can store tremendous amounts of carbon, further reducing one of the causes of climate change. Trees, like all green plants, take in carbon dioxide along with other chemicals both through leaves and roots. These are converted into tissue for the tree to grow. Oxygen, a byproduct of this photosynthesis process, is released to the atmosphere. When a tree is harvested for wood products, carbon continues to be stored in building materials, wood furniture, and other products. Using trees as biomass for energy production converts the carbon into energy, and like all combustible processes, releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. However, there are significantly less pollutants from wood chip combustion compared to fossil fuels, such as coal and almost no “acid rain.” Trees, especially in residential areas, provide shade in summer reducing the need for electricity for air conditioners. A shady yard with lower temperatures enables families to enjoy the nice New York summers. Some climate change is inevitable even with sustainable forests. Looking at New England and northern New York’s forests, another Forest Service report (GTR NRS 143) sees an increase in winter precipitation along with rising winter temperatures. This will bring difficulties to the extensive spruce-fir forests of those areas while possibly benefiting other tree species. However, insects and diseases are likely to increase without the normal overwintering mortality of these pests. All the contributions of trees and forests to reducing carbon dioxide and global warming are enhanced by sustainable management of our wooded lands. Vigorous trees growing without disease will fix more carbon than over mature or stunted ones. Being able to have the forests of New York for reducing climate change/global warming requires the same things as for other uses of the forests: property tax policies that do not cause owners to convert their forest holdings to liquidate all their timber or convert the land to other uses; enlightened local government regulations to permit sustainable timber harvesting; and technical assistance to forest landowners to develop sustainable forests. Climate Benefits from Forest Management and Wood Products Private working forests play a critical role in a nature-based solution to climate change. New York’s forests and forest products sequester around 25 million metric tons (MMT) of carbon emissions every year and the Climate Leadership & Community Protection Act (CLCPA) goal for all annual sequestration is a total of 60 MMT, coming in large part from forests and wood products. Modern private forest management in NY already sequesters carbon at scale but has the capacity to do more. Forests are the most powerful clean air technology on earth. By providing a continuous cycle of growing, harvesting, and regenerating, active forest management optimizes a forest’s ability to sequester and store carbon. This improves resiliency and maintains the ability to sequester carbon in the future. On a landscape scale, forests are considered carbon sinks, meaning they reduce the net amount of CO2 in the atmosphere as they grow. In addition, if forests continue to be managed to maintain or increase carbon stocks, harvested wood products can sequester additional carbon and provide substitution benefits. The Empire State Forest Products Association (ESFPA) has been a leading advocate for forests and wood product commodities as nature-based solutions to climate change. John Bartow, Executive Director of ESFPA, outlines a four-point strategy to provide opportunities to decarbonize across multiple sectors of the economy and provide the economic, environmental, social, and resilience benefits that New York forests provide to all New Yorkers and the challenge of global climate change. This four-point strategy includes: (1) avoiding forest conversion; (2) increasing carbon sequestration in forests; (3) improving forest management; and (4) retaining and expanding New York’s bioeconomy. Avoiding Forest Conversion For over one hundred years, New York’s forests have been expanding across the landscape. In the early 1900’s, forest cover in New York was down to less than 20% of the landscape and today it encompasses 64% of the terrestrial lands of the state. The benefits have been greater forest cover providing valuable timber resources and ecosystem benefits of clean air, clean water, and biodiversity. In the past 20 years, however, we have slid backwards and are now experiencing slight losses of forest cover. These losses are the result of conversion of forests to other land uses including agriculture, renewable energy, and sprawl. To address forest conversion, we need to improve the monitoring of conversion and create market incentives for private forest landowners to keep their forests as forests. “If we want forests that stay, we need forests that pay,” said Bartow. We also need to identify previously forested lands (reforestation) and lands that have not but could sustain forests (afforestation) and plant more trees. Increasing Carbon Sequestration in Forests Over the past couple of decades, scientists have also calculated that our forests have declined in their ability to store and sequester carbon on an annual basis, (i.e., carbon flux). The factors driving this loss in storage and sequestration, in addition to forest conversion, are a decline in forest health due to insects and diseases and an aging forest. We need to create market and financial incentives to help private forest landowners improve the ability of their forests to sequester and store carbon. Tax incentives, payment for carbon services, and research on measuring and monitoring both carbon stocks and annual sequestration are solutions outlined in the recommendations. Improving Forest Management Active and sustainable forest management on private forest lands is essential to achieving the carbon benefits of our forests. Some have suggested that leaving our forests alone and allowing them to grow and mature is the best solution for forests and a nature-based solution. However, watching our trees grow does not provide the additionality (i.e., annual sequestration) necessary to achieve the goals of net-zero carbon emissions. The science supports active sustainably managed forests which yield the greatest carbon storage and sequestration benefits over the long-term. While there is value in carbon stored in mature, older forests (such as New York’s constitutionally protected Forest Preserve), forest management through silviculture (the science of growing and cultivating forest crops) is necessary to ensure carbon yield management of forest resources. Retaining and Expanding New York’s Bioeconomy Finally, to maximize the climate solutions of our forests, we must retain and expand New York’s bioeconomy. The bioeconomy is that portion of the economy that produces renewable bio-based feedstocks, rather than fossil fuel-based feedstocks, to produce wood products of today such as paper, lumber, packaging and biomass energy and products in the future, such as sustainable aviation fuel, renewable diesel, bio-chemicals, bioplastics, and biopharmaceuticals. New York’s forests and wood products economy is responsible for nearly 100,000 direct and indirect jobs and a $23 billion economy. Strengthening our existing bioeconomy for the future and ensuring a supply chain of feedstock, workers, and innovation to unleash new biobased products, is beneficial not only for the substitution benefits of wood products, but for the above-mentioned forest health, carbon sequestration, and the needs of society as a whole. Wild vs Managed Forests Some recent popular press articles and scientific publications have suggested that prioritization on forest preservation and a shift to wild and wilderness forest is our best solution benefiting climate change. “While older mature wild forests do store a substantial amount of carbon, they do not sequester as much carbon, they do not offer the management options for improved forests or the substitution benefits of harvested wood products. The best solution is balance between sustainably managed forests that yield tremendous carbon and economic benefits and wilderness carbon storage benefits,” Bartow noted. A comparison of these two scenarios, our wild versus managed forests, is important to consider. Commercial timber harvest is conducted in response to market demand. If a scenario including harvest is compared to a scenario without (or with lower) harvest, it must be recognized that the demand for wood products does not simply vanish. Several outcomes will occur:
In Conclusion Forests and wood products offer the most significant and cost-effective opportunity to mitigate climate change within our natural and working landscapes across New York. Yet we must have a balance between carbon stocks in older mature forests and in sequestration and substitution benefits of sustainable forest management. Expanding the area and quality of our forests through increased investments in real, additional, measurable, verifiable, and permanent climate smart forestry that includes mature forests and sustainably managed forests is necessary if we are to achieve the CLCPA greenhouse gas reduction goals of 40% by 2030, 85% by 2050, and Net Zero by 2050.
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